Edwards, Tony and Kern, Philipp
(2023).
Multinational Companies: Qualitative Comparative Analysis for Conditions for Social Innovation and Semi-structured Interviews Examining Social Innovation, 2020-2022.
[Data Collection]. Colchester, Essex:
UK Data Service.
10.5255/UKDA-SN-856444
This project is about social innovation carried out by multinational companies to address inequality. With their cross-border mobilisation of technologies and relentless search for skills, markets and cost savings, multinationals can be drivers of inequality. Yet, some countervailing evidence points to some multinationals engaging in initiatives to address economic and social issues. These initiatives may concern healthcare, educational and skill ecosystems, core labour rights, discrimination based on gender, race, sexual orientation and disability, or the marginalisation of migrants and indigenous peoples.
This project looks at social innovation initiatives on inequality carried out by actors within multinational companies in interaction with civil society and government stakeholders in different industry, community and national contexts. It focuses on three developed economies (Canada, Netherlands, United Kingdom) and two emerging economies (Brazil, Mexico). The multidisciplinary research team in these countries will look at the nature of these innovations and whether, and how they are scaled-up and diffused beyond the boundaries of national institutional systems to address broader concerns.
The project aims to understand the different types of social activists who instigate, spread and sustain such social innovations, the resources and social skills they deploy, and the level of social reach and impact they attain.
In adopting a lens to look at social innovation initiatives as bottom-up and co-constructed by a variety of private-firm and community actors, with a focus on the conditions under which such innovations might be scaled up to provide broader solutions to problems of inequality and inclusive growth, this project will enable policymakers, multinational managers and community activists to develop policy recommendations to promote diversity and social inclusion and will highlight the conditions and practises conducive to the scaling-up and dissemination of social innovation initiatives on inequality.
Data description (abstract)
This project analysed social innovations relating to inequality that are carried out by social activists in and around multinational companies (MNCs) in five national contexts. Defined as the “innovative activities and services that are motivated by the goal of meeting a social need” (Mulgan, 2006, p. 146), particularly those arising from social divides within society and the corporate responsibilities towards the externalities that MNCs create, we considered when and how some actors within MNCs engage in innovative activities that address such social divides, with a view to understanding whether and how such initiatives contribute to inclusive growth and to sustainable development. Our primary focus is on the process of social innovation that pertains to inequality in general and the work of ‘social activists’ from both inside and beyond the boundaries of these companies. We studied social innovation as a combination of not only top-down initiatives led by executives and those close to them, but also bottom-up processes led by social activists from a range of backgrounds and positions. We sought to understand the dynamics of such social innovations as regards which actors are taking them forward, what these initiatives concern, what resources are deployed, how such initiatives span the boundaries of companies and civil societies, and whether and why they are successful. We addressed the opportunities and challenges for the scaling up of social innovations through MNCs’ transnational networks, which are a key driver of transformations in both developed and emerging economies on both sides of the Atlantic. The research was envisaged to last 30 months. One of the consequences of the pandemic was that initial access in early 2020 was challenging and we sought an extension to 36 months. Hence the project began in early 2020 and ran up till the end of 2022.
There were two phases to the project. Phase one entailed a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QAC) to analyse conditions of 10 cases of social innovation in and around MNCs. Phase 2 consisted of semi-structured interviews examine four research question related to social innovation i) interests and motivations of social innovation ii) skills and resources of social innovation iii) inhibiting and enabling institutional factors of social innovation iv) outcomes of social innovation.
| Data creators: |
| Creator Name |
Affiliation |
ORCID (as URL) |
| Edwards Tony |
Loughborough University London |
|
| Kern Philipp |
Loughborough University London |
|
|
| Sponsors: |
ESRC
|
| Grant reference: |
ES/T015225/1
|
| Topic classification: |
Social welfare policy and systems
|
| Keywords: |
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, INNOVATION BEHAVIOUR, INTERVIEWS (DATA COLLECTION), INSTITUTIONS, COMPANIES
|
| Project title: |
T-AP SI: Social Innovation Processes in and around Multinational Companies: The Role of Social Activists and their Transnational Networks
|
| Grant holders: |
Tony Edwards, Svystunova Liudmyla, Kern Philipp, Zhang Ling Eleanor
|
| Project dates: |
| From | To |
|---|
| 1 January 2020 | 31 December 2022 |
|
| Date published: |
05 Jun 2023 12:19
|
| Last modified: |
15 Nov 2023 09:29
|
| Collection period: |
| Date from: | Date to: |
|---|
| 1 January 2020 | 31 December 2022 |
|
| Geographical area: |
Both advanced and less advanced economies |
| Country: |
United Kingdom, France, Kenya, South Africa, Brazil, India, Sweden |
| Data collection method: |
Phase 1 was exploratory and involved the identification of cases of social innovation in a range of MNCs and their networks, which included firms in business services where social innovations took the form attempts to shed an image of being elitist through extending access to professions across socio-economic groups; in mining where past deleterious effects of the industry on indigenous communities highlighted the need for inclusive policies and economic development; and financial services, where the role of banks in combatting human trafficking and refugee inclusion was evident. This phase of research consisted of at least two interviews in each case of social innovation in over 10 MNCs and their networks across the countries. The vast majority of interviews conducted for this period which were carried out between March 2020 and June 2021.
During phase one, we explored the varying interests (RQ1) and resources, strategies and social skills (RQ2) of social activists and made use of dual interviewers (researchers from two countries) in some cases in order to canvass the diversity of types of social innovation and types of social activists across countries (RQ3). Phase 2 explored the process and impact of social innovation in a small number of ‘critical cases’. This entailed a more in-depth analysis of the interests of the key social activists, the resources and social skills they draw on and the strategies that they pursue (RQs 1 and 2), and the ways in which they are constrained and facilitated by national differences in work context (RQ3). This phase also involved an assessment and explanation of the outcomes of social innovation (RQ4). To achieve this, we collected archival data, conducted observations and focus groups where possible and carried out a range of in-depth interviews with key individuals in each case, not just those directly linked to the process of social innovation but also with a range of NGO staff, representatives of disadvantaged communities and those from a range of points within the value chains. In total, we have conducted 63 interviews in this phase, mainly in the second half of 2021 and through 2022. Some fieldwork is ongoing in this phase. There were three broader cases that we refer to as social movements. Of these the data sharing includes one movement. This is specific to sustainable finance as an overarching movement across different MNCs. There are 18 interviews for this particular case. The instances of social innovation in Phase 2 were diverse in the nature and were selected on the basis of themes or intriguing phenomena encountered during phase 1. Given the uncertainty concerning where precisely cases of social innovation were to be found, we adopted an approach of “following the story” rather than focus on pre-determined issues. Many instances of social innovation involving MNCs are driven through networks of ‘activists’ involved in advancing a particular cause, such as inclusion of marginalised or disadvantaged groups, sustainable finance or assistance to social enterprises. Some actors within MNCs were indeed active in these processes, exhibiting a commitment to bring about social change, but their networks outside the firm were often important in bringing about change. Hence, we organised our case selection not around companies per se but rather around the theme or phenomenon. |
| Observation unit: |
Individual, Organization |
| Kind of data: |
Text |
| Type of data: |
Qualitative and mixed methods data |
| Resource language: |
English |
|
| Data sourcing, processing and preparation: |
We conducted semi-structured interviews for both phases for primary data collection. The originality of the research into social innovation stemmed in part from a novel form of analysis. The data from Phase 1 of the project were analysed using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) which had not been used to address the scaling up of innovations in MNCs hitherto. The technique mapped the key aspects of the social innovation process - interests of social activists, strategies such as coalition formation among social activists, social innovation fields, and firm-level resources - onto the social innovation outcomes of reach and impact on inclusive growth or the participation in economic, social and political development and sharing of benefits. QCA provided the analytical tools and procedures to capture the diversity of causal combinations that constitute cases, to both map diversity of cases and systematically analyse combinations of conditions that are linked to an outcome. The social innovation cases were scored on their characteristics and institutional conditions upon the definition of critical thresholds to produce a ‘truth table’ which listed all theoretically possible combinations of conditions and presented the number of cases which were empirically observed. It served as the platform for the construction of multiple conjunctural causal relations (Ragin, 2008). In other words, we produced a combination of conditions (‘explanatory’ sets) that were associated with the reach and impact of social innovation.
The qualitative data from the Phase 2 of the study were analysed using an inductively-oriented, iterative approach, informed by extant literature and emergent findings (Gioia, Corley & Hamilton, 2013). This analysis was aided by use of NVivo, a qualitative analysis software. Prior to coding, we prepared ‘thick descriptions’ of each social innovation case to aid in structuring the findings. Interview transcripts and field notes were fed into Atlas ti for a three-stage coding process which began with open coding, in which codes for the various interests and strategies of social activists and issue field facilitators and inhibitors of social innovation were generated. Codes and data extracts were grouped into first order concepts. The next stage, axial coding, involved relating the codes and data extracts to each other to develop second-order themes. In the final stage of the analysis, aggregate dimensions were extracted from the more abstract categories developed in the second stage, to generate theoretical categories. From this, we developed within- and cross-case analysis of social innovation processes in line with our research questions.
|
| Rights owners: |
| Name |
Affiliation |
ORCID (as URL) |
| Edwards Tony |
Loughborough University London |
|
|
| Contact: |
| Name | Email | Affiliation | ORCID (as URL) |
|---|
| Edwards, Tony | t.edwards@lboro.ac.uk | Loughborough University London | Unspecified |
|
| Notes on access: |
The Data Collection is available for download to users registered with the UK Data Service.
|
| Publisher: |
UK Data Service
|
| Last modified: |
15 Nov 2023 09:29
|
|
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