Sustainability, Inclusiveness and Governance of Mini-grids in Africa: Mini-grid Database, 2022-2025

Bhattacharyya, Subhes (2026). Sustainability, Inclusiveness and Governance of Mini-grids in Africa: Mini-grid Database, 2022-2025. [Data Collection]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Service. 10.5255/UKDA-SN-857866

With approximately one billion people lacking access to electricity in the world, nothing short of a socio-technical transformation is required to reach the objectives of universal electrification by 2030. Sub-Saharan Africa, with more than 600 million lacking access to electricity, requires a special attention. Although off-grid and decentralised solutions are expected to play a significant role and mini-grids are assumed to be a game changer for a rapid, cost-effective, pro-poor, universal electrification globally, the green mini-grid sector has not grown rapidly. Progress has been patchy between and within countries, across rural areas and informal urban settlements and between high and low-income communities. Among the barriers to scaling up mini-grids in Africa are lack of mini-grid specific regulatory framework, unproven business models, demand uncertainty, limited access to finance and lack of capacity.

The main aim of this proposal is to improve our understanding of sustainability, inclusiveness and governance of mini-grids in general and those in sub-Saharan Africa in particular, by developing an improved evidence base and a multi-dimensional appreciation of issues and challenges that can support better decision-making for universal electrification globally. The project has been conceptualised through a collaborative process involving a team of UK-based researchers and research teams from four sub-Saharan Africa countries (namely Nigeria, Senegal, Kenya and Tanzania).

We have identified four main research questions. 1) Which business models have succeeded to deliver financially and technically viable mini-grids in SSA? 2) Who and what have been the key beneficiaries of mini-grids in the case study countries and in what way? 3) Who drives or hinders the proliferation and the speed of adoption of mini-grids in East and West Africa? 4) What governance, regulatory and policy frameworks for decentralised systems of electricity provision exist in each case study country, how successful have they been and how do they differ?

Our analytical approach sits at the intersection of human geography, development studies, engineering and sustainability transitions. The research is necessarily inter-disciplinary in order to understand complex interactions between financial, technological, political, socio-economic and cultural factors. We plan to develop a political economy framework and a sustainability framework to analyse electricity access in developing countries, with a particular focus on mini-grids. Our case studies (two from West Africa, Nigeria and Senegal and two from East Africa, Kenya and Tanzania) present fascinating grounds for comparison and have been selected on the basis of their diversity of governance models and differing levels of decentralised electricity provisions within their specific national and sub-national contexts.

The work is organised in seven work packages and will be delivered over a period of 36 months. We would undertake an extensive review of literature on mini-grids, sustainability, governance, political economy and inclusiveness covering (WP1). We plan to develop our analytical frameworks at the end of this task. In WP2, we would focus on building the evidence base by collecting relevant information on mini-grids and developing a mini-grids database for four countries of our study. The database will then be used to analyse the status of mini-grids in each case study country. WP 3, 4 and 5 are devoted to analysis of sustainability, inclusiveness and governance of mini-grids. This will be done at the level of each country and also at cross-country comparative level. WP6 is devoted to communication, dissemination and impact generation activities while WP7 is devoted to project management.

The novelty of the proposal lies in its evidence-based approach to uncover challenges of mini-grids and to develop strategies for successful businesses that are sustainable and inclusive.

Data description (abstract)

This collection contains a comprehensive file consisting of information on mini-grids in four African countries, namely Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal and Tanzania. The data was collected by a team of researchers who participated in the GCRF funded project titled SIGMA - Sustainability, Inclusiveness and Governance of Mini-grids in Africa (ES/T006684/1 and ES/t006684/2).

The project aimed to provide an applied and analytical approach to uncover the complex dynamics behind the challenges of installing sustainable and inclusive decentralised electricity systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. With comparative case studies from Senegal, Nigeria, Tanzania and Kenya, the key objectives in undertaking this research were to: a) develop an evidence base in the performance of mini-grids in the case study countries; b) undertake an analysis of existing business models and the policy framework in each case; and c) take forward analytical concepts of the political economy of decentralised electricity systems to understand the political drivers behind differences in the speed of adoption of mini-grids in different countries.

The database preparation activity was led by ECREEE (ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency) and supported by all project partners (ICEED in Nigeria, TaTeDo in Tanzania, Centre for Frugal Innovation in Kenya, De Montfort University, and University of Surrey). The data was collected from secondary sources and databases of national Rural Electrification Agencies and International Organisations such as ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.

The dataset includes information on mini-grid location, technology used, capacity, user information, ownership model, funding sponsors, year of commissioning and its status at the time of reporting (31st March 2025). Where data is missing, the entries are left blank.

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