Dimitrov resigned after losing a vote of no confidence in National Assembly. Remained in office in a caretaker capacity Oct - Dec 1992. Tension between Zhelev and Dimitrov following alleged arms scandal - Dimitrov requested vote of no confidenc
Zhelyu Zhelev (Pro-Western, Pro-NATO - nominated by UDF)
President Zhelev dissolved National Assembly following a 6-week cabinet crisis. Called general election.
Videnov resigned after major pressure following the election of Stoyanov as President and new elections were scheduled for April 1997.
ODS - Alliance of Democratic Forces - SDS, DP, BZNS, BSDP
First presidential and legislative elections since secession from Yugoslavia.
Franjo Tudjman (HDZ - in office since 1990)
Resignation of government. Official statement said that the government was putting its mandate at the disposal of the President after the recent Upper House elections. Government's resignation thought to be a response to popular resentment over
Racan resigned but said he wanted to form a new cabinet. He announced his resignation after a serious rift had occurred within the ruling 5 party coalition led by Racan's SPH.
Economy in serious trouble and a number of banks collapsed. Political scandals came to the fore, one of which involved the PM himself, when it became known he had withdrawn savings from a bank shortly before it collapsed. Rejected calls to resi
President openly criticised the government and attacked PM for being unable to deal adequately with corruption, PM resigned April 1999.
PM disagreed with a privatisation programme which the rest of the majority wanted so he resigned.
Resignation of PM following withdrawal of NS from government. Coalition collapsed over differences between them over the privatisation of gas.
Acting PM pending nomination of a new PM by President Brazauskas
Petru Lucinschi (ex-ADP, later supported by PMDP) - in office until 07/04/2001
Parliamentary elections - government must resign
Resigned - "impossibility of overcoming crisis" under present coalition government - unable to consolidate government.
No-Confidence motion passed against the government.
Resignation following legislative elections - previous legislature's failure to elect a new President resulted in President Lucinschi dissolving parliament.
Vote of no confidence but President did not accept resignation and used his new powers under the Little Constitution to dissolve parliament and call elections under a new electoral law which the Sejm had just passed
The 1995 budget provided the catalyst which brought the government down. The fall of the government was not only due to conflict within the governing coalition but was even more the result of institutional conflict between the parliament and go
The outgoing Minister of Internal Affairs claimed Oleksy was a Soviet spy and the PM had to resign.
UW withdrew ministers - coalition collapsed.
Presidential and general elections held.
The centre-right experienced major difficulties among their supporters, coupled with massive demonstrations and major strikes.
The Christian Democrat Party resigned from government so the president dismissed Vasile December 1999 - constitutionally illegal but Vasile did resign.
Withdrawal of PSDR from governing coalition
Cabinet reshuffle - involved all major economic portfolios
Boris Yeltsin (Pro-economic reform, pro-state unity - in office since 10/7/1991)
Election of Yeltsin as President. Cabinet terminates with the election of a new president.
Boris Yeltsin (Pro-economic reform, pro-state unity)
Presidential decree ordering the dismissal of the government.
President Yeltsin issued a decree dismissing the government and appointed Chernomyrdin as acting PM. Kiriyenko's dismissal prompted the resignations of the most prominent young reformers. Duma rejected Chernomyrdin
Yeltsin ordered the dismissal of the government and appointed Stepashin acting PM, approved by Duma.
Dismissal of government. Appointment of President's preferred successor.
Vladimir Putin (acting to 7 May 2000) (Pro-economic reform, pro-state unity, loosely affiliated with United Russia faction)
LDS merger and SDSS withdraw from coalition
Second post-independence election to the National Assembly
Vote of no confidence - PM resigned. SLS left coalition.
Resignation of Lazarenko officially on health grounds as this facilitated his removal, under the Constitution, without necessitating his formal dismissal, which would have meant the resignation of the entire Cabinet. He was facing criticism for
Leonid Kuchma (in office since 19/7/1994)
Interim PM whilst awaiting official resignation of Lazarenko and appointment of PM
Following the presidential elections and the automatic dismissal of the government, Kuchma nominated Pustovoitenko for PM for a second time but the Supreme Council rejected the nomination. Constitution demands that presidential elections be hel
Resigned following vote of no confidence
Kuchma dismissed Kinakh's government and nominated Yanukovych
Communists leave government over currency reform and Marshall Plan - beginning of Cold War
Several issues, including privatisation, social insurance, housing
Half-enforced resignation of Raab because of party strategy
Gorbach lost confidence vote in party executive
SPÖ attempt at winning absolute majority
Voluntary resignation of the Chancellor after defeat of the SPO in presidential election
Budget (OVP announced its withdrawal October 1995)
Voluntary resignation of the Chancellor after wrangling in parliament over privatisation of government industries and banking.
ELECTIONS OCT 1999 - Social Democrat Party lost power and could not form coalition
Parliament dissolved and called early elections. Conflict with the Freedom Party
Juho Kusti Paasikivi (CON - parliament elected Paasikivi for the remainder of his predecessor's term after Mannerheim's resignation)
Conflict between CE and SPD about lowering the cost of production
President Paasikivi dissolved assembly December 8 1953 - Early election to solve parliamentary deadlock
Conflict between SW and SDP over Stablisation Policy - coalition split
Conflict between CE and SPD and intra-party conflict in SDP. PM Fagerholm defeated in party convention - resigns.
Conflict between SW and CE. Swedish ministers resigned
Interpellation of economic policy. Conflict between CE and LIB. Adverse vote in parliament.
Defeated on price policy for agricultural products. Dissatisfaction with a non-partisan government.
Conflict between CE and SDP. Crisis in Finno-Soviet relationships.
PM Sukselainen sentenced for malfeasance
Soviet note, parliament dissolved (elections 5 months early). Miettunen resigned when Kekkonen reelected president 01/03/1962.
Conflict between CE and CON over increased taxation
Conflict between FPDU and CE over Price decontrol
Conflict between CE and SDP over agricultural policy. Cabinet resignation required by President
Early election to solve parliamentary deadlock
Single-party government replaced by coalition
Conflict between CE and SDP over regional policy
Urho Kekkonen (ML/KESK) (parliament extends Kekkonen's term of office by 4 years until 1978)
Early election to solve parliamentary deadlock (4 months before end of CIEP)
Conflict between FPDU and SDP over budget
Minority coalition enlarged. Cabinet resignation required by President
Conflict between SDP and SW - SW ministers resigned
Mauno Koivisto (SDP) (acting from 11 Sept 1981)
Conflict between FPDU and SDP over defence budget
Conflict between FRP and CON over budget
Conflict between CHR and CE over EU membership
Iraqgate scandal - PM accused of exploiting widespread opposition to US-led war by lying about use of classified foreign documents. Denied accusations but said made her position untenable.
Conflict on dissolution. Cabinet resignation requested by President.
Conflict on PM's powers. Cabinet resignation required by President.
Presidential elections. Cabinet resignation required by President
Conflict on PM's powers. cabinet resignation required by President.
Legislative election cabinet resignation required by President
Dissolution (connected to presidential elections?)
Internal majority conflict. Cabinet resignation required by President
Following his defeat in the presidential elections Jospin retired from politics
Handed in resignation of caretaker government following the legislative elections and was then renominated by Chirac
Policy conflict between SP-SDP and IP over Foreign policy issues - US Air base President dissolved parliament
Sveinn Bjornsson (chosen by Althing when Iceland became a republic 1944, re-elected unopposed 1945, 1949, died in office)
Policy conflict between coalition parties PP-SDP-IP over economy, intra-party conflict in PP
Policy conflict between PP and IP over Foreign Policy President dissolved parliament
Asgeir Asgeirsson (formerly progressive party, then independent)
Economy  - PM resigned after ASI turned down the cabinet's request to postpone scheduled wage increases.
Asgeir Asgeirsson (re-elected unopposed, formerly progressive party, then independent)
Early election President dissolved parliament
Policy conflict between ULL-PP and PA over Economy. 3 ULL withdraw support President dissolved parliament
Caretaker government to carry on business until elections President dissolved parliament
Early election  President dissolved parliament
Vigdis Finnbogadottir (supported by centre-right coalition)
Vigdis Finnbogadottir (re-elected unopposed - supported by centre-right coalition)
Conflict between coaltion partners over economy
The Citizen's Party (S) split from the SSF in 1987 and joined Hermannsonn's cabinet Sept 1989.
Olafur Ragnar Grimsson (former chairman of People's Alliance)
Olafur Ragnar Grimsson (re-elected unopposed - former chairman of People's Alliance)
Lost vote of milk prices when 3 TDs defect
Sean T. O'Kelly (FF) (in office since 1945)
Minority government lost by 2 by-elections and Independents defect.
Sean T. O'Kelly (FF) (in office since 1945, stood unopposed in 1952, declared re-elected without vote)
CnT leaves government. Calls election to avoid confidence vote.
PM resigns (retires) to allow succession
Lemass confidenct of victory after by-election successes during 1964, calls early election (wins narrow overall majority)
PM resigns (retires) to allow succession (also had heart disease)
Election to consolidate PM's position in party
Had become a minority government; election called to restore position (intense factionalism in FF over NI policy; ministers sacked)
Government calls election, then commissions an opinion poll fnding it is way behind FF!
PM resigns (retires) to allow succession (also back bench dissent at loss of European and by-elections)
Haughey seeks personal mandate (sharp factionalism among FF leadership)
Undermined by factionalism and scandals, government loses confidence motion
High in the polls, FF gambles on an early opportunistic election
Intense factionalism within FF; PM forced to resign by an ultimatum from coalition partner
PDs withdraw from government after sharp personal conflict with PM
Conflict between PM and Labour leader. PM resigns but Labour still leave government
No conflict: a popular 3 party government holds election to renew its mandate and loses. Inconclusive election results.
Antonio dos Santos Ramalho Eanes (military/civilian)
Soares refused to resign following withdrawal of CDS from government leading to Socialist party not having majority; President Eanes dismissed him - he remained in caretaker capacity.
Government was not approved by the Assembly
President Eanes dismisses PM following votes of no confidence
Caretaker government until interim elections Dec 1979
Acting cabinet termination by formation of new government
Balsemao resigned after coming under strong criticism from the PSD but Council of State could not agree on replacement so President Eanes announced new elections and recalled Balsemao to lead caretaker government - dissolved parliament 4/2/1983
Inter-party conflict, withdrawal of PSD ministers. Soares resigned but Eanes asked him to stay until early elections - dissolved parliament July 12 1985.
Motion of censure of opposition parties, President dissolved assembly.
Motion of no confidence 03/04/1987; President Soares dissolved assembly 28/04/1987. Government remains until legislative election.
Legislative election (Previously scheduled for 2003, the resignation of the Socialist government after the heavy defeat of the Socialist Party in local elections in December 2001, brought forward the date for general elections BUT more than 6 m