Historic droughts inventory of references to water resources 1890-2015
Mason Durant and Christian Counsell

Context of the dataset
Project Overview
Historic Droughts was a four year (2014 – 2018), £1.5m project funded by the UK Research Councils, aiming to develop a cross-disciplinary understanding of past drought episodes that have affected the UK, with a view to developing improved tools for managing droughts in future.
The Historic Droughts project involved eight institutions across the UK: the British Geological Survey, the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Cranfield University, the University of Exeter, HR Wallingford, Lancaster University, the Met Office, and the University of Oxford.
Drought and water scarcity (DWS) events are significant threats to livelihoods and wellbeing in many countries, including the United Kingdom (UK). Parts of the UK are already water-stressed and are facing a wide range of pressures, including an expanding population and intensifying exploitation of increasingly limited water resources. In addition, many regions may become significantly drier in future due to environmental changes, all of which implies major challenges to water resource management. However, DWS events are not simply natural hazards. There are also a range of socio-economic and regulatory factors that may influence the course of droughts, such as water consumption practices and abstraction licensing regimes. Consequently, if DWS events are to be better managed, there is a need for a more detailed understanding of the links between hydrometeorological and social systems during droughts.
With this research gap in mind, the Historic Droughts project aimed to develop an interdisciplinary understanding of drought from a range of different perspectives. Based on an analysis of information from a wide range of sectors (hydrometeorological, environmental, agricultural, regulatory, social and cultural), the project characterised and quantified the history of UK drought and water scarcity events since the late 19th century.
Inventory
The Historic Droughts Inventory is a knowledge base of past drought characteristics, drivers, impacts and responses, collated from a range of sources in a number of different sectors. The Historic Droughts Inventory will provide a common reference for policy makers and regulators, water supply companies, agriculture and industry and will enable more consistent, transparent planning.
The Historic Droughts Inventory comprises two main elements, which can be used together to provide multi-sectoral understanding of droughts: 
1.	Hydro-meteorological timelines of rainfall, river flows and groundwater, presented as consistent and comparable drought indicators, which enable understanding of past drought occurrence, based on records extended back into the 19th century through modelling and data rescue.
2.	References to past droughts from the 19th century to the present day from newspapers, legislation (e.g. parliamentary debates), agricultural media, and in-depth oral histories, which provides an improved understanding of the drivers and impacts of and responses to drought, and how these have changed through time. Each reference is consistently formatted, identifying the time and, where possible, place of occurrence, with links to full source materials held elsewhere.
The structure of the Historic Droughts Inventory references is based on previous international efforts to collate drought impacts information. Fields used in the European Drought Impact report Inventory (EDII; http://www.geo.uio.no/edc/droughtdb/index.php) were selected and modified for a database holding many different types of drought references, and not just impacts (as in the EDII). 
THIS Drought inventory 
The drought inventory of references to water resources provides extracts from multiple sources related to water supply (see Methods below). The inventory focusses primarily on the impacts on and responses of drought related to public water supply and demand. Each entry has been coded as either a water resource system Driver, Impact of or Response to drought and water scarcity (Lange et al., 2017). Both short and long-term DPSIR were recorded, however the entries are predominately short-term. Entries were also categorised based on whether they are supply or demand based, and the type of impact or response. By combining information from multiple sources and georeferencing each entry, this dataset enables drought events to be interrogated and the propagation of events  through water supply systems to be assessed. Consequently, this dataset provides a unique historical perspective of the interaction between water supply systems and episodes of drought and water scarcity.
Methods 
Data were collected from multiple sources, shown in Table 1, along with the search terms and method used. The sources selected were chosen based on the depth and breadth of information within them, as well as how much value could be added by including these sources in such an inventory.
Key drought events were selected from Marsh et al. (2007) and Durant (2015) to capture both surface and groundwater drought events, occurred within the UK, and were between 1890 and 2015, as per the remit of the Historic Droughts project.
Table 1 – Inventory data sources, search methods and terms.
Data source	Search method	Search terms	
Water Company Drought Plans	Manual search for historic drought periods and interventions	Key drought dates (Marsh et al., 2007; Durant, 2015)	
British Hydrological Society (BHS) Chronology of British Hydrological Events (available at: http://www.cbhe.hydrology.org.uk/index.php; Black & Law, 2004)	Manual search for historic drought periods	“drought”; “dry”	
The Gazette (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/) 	Manual search followed by automation (see Preparation section)	“hosepipe ban”	
Regulator reports	Prior knowledge of documents and manual search for drought periods and interventions	Key drought dates (Marsh et al., 2007; Durant, 2015)	
Literature	Prior knowledge of documents and manual search for drought periods and interventions	Key drought dates (Marsh et al., 2007; Durant, 2015)	
Defra (2011)	gov.uk search	Drought orders	

Preparation
For all sources except The Gazette, data were unaltered before being quoted in the inventory. Data extraction from The Gazette was undertaken using the R programming language and XML. XML files were generated from the search term (“hosepipe ban”) and then processed in R to extract dates, text, and references. Data were then checked manually and cleaned to ensure the text was relevant, as well as adding location information.
Start and end dates were taken from the source wherever possible. Where some references referred to seasons or months, the start of that reference period was used as the start date. Where specific dates were not referenced within the notice, the date of the notice was used as the start date, and the end date as six months in advance of the start date.
NUTS areas were assigned using GIS intersection of water company areas (obtained from Water Company Water Resources Market Information available at respective Water Company websites via https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulated-companies/markets/water-bidding-market/water-resources-market-information) and NUTS areas (obtained from Office for National Statistics via gov.uk website). NUTS areas were specified wherever possible, and as detailed as possible where exact locations were given in the source material. Where general areas were referred to in the source, only the higher-level NUTS areas were specified, so as not to give the illusion of accuracy. For national references, no NUTS area was specified. Where appropriate, a water company is specified in the inventory. Both the water company as referenced and the present day water company (as of December 2018) are provided.
Each entry was characterised based on a Water Resources (WR) typology and sub-category where appropriate. Table 2 shows the possibilities for categorisation. 
Table 2 – Water Resources typology categories
WR typology	WR typology sub-category	
Supply, Demand	Drought order, Hosepipe ban, Hosepipe ban application, Leakage,  Pressure Reductions, Pressure reductions application, Publicity, Restrictions, Restrictions lifted, Rota cuts, Rota cuts application, Standpipes, Standpipes application, System, Transfer, Water rationing	

Finally, the definitions from the Conceptual Framework for the Historic Droughts project (Lange et al., 2017) of Drivers, Impacts of and Responses to drought were assigned for each entry, along with the State of water resource management and the Pressures contributing to drought conditions.
Using the data
The Inventory format is loosely based on the European Drought Impact report Inventory (EDII) which was used as a repository for drought impact information in the Belmont Forum funded DrIVER project (Barker, 2014). The format was selected due to its previous use for capturing drought-related information; it enables both temporal and spatial occurrence of drought instances to be captured (spatial information can be entered at different resolutions) and combined with descriptive content. Due to the varied nature of the contents of the Historic Droughts inventory, some of the categorical fields have not been used as rigorously as in the EDII.
The content of the columns and the data codes used in the Historic Droughts Inventory are described below.
Introductory information
•	Entry ID: The Entry ID will be a unique ID field given to each entry into the Historic Drought Inventory. It will probably be generated and assigned automatically when the data are loaded.
•	Reference: Reference to the source data or document whether it is a web page, scientific article or a government document. 
•	Text: Text extract from source containing relevant information where permission was obtained to republish text extracts. Where permission was not obtained, this field is left blank.
Temporal information 
Where a reference describes the start and end of a particular drought impact, driver, response, etc., these are captured separately. However it is often the case with the sources used in the Historic Droughts Inventory, e.g. newspaper articles, that the only temporal information is the date of the reference itself, in which case this has been used as both the start and the end date. The aim of this field is to capture when drought references occur, rather than to capture the temporal range of a drought within each reference. 
Both start and end date are split across 3 columns, containing the day (dd), month (mm) and year (yyyy). The season is specified using the classification in table A1.1. Season is used where the temporal occurrence is non-specific, e.g. for droughts mentioned within oral histories. Where it is not possible to identify a date of a particular reference to a drought, the approximate start and end date of a drought around that time from the hydrometeorological record has been used, e.g. 1975-1976.
•	Date start (dd): day the drought reference starts
•	Date start (mm): month the drought reference starts
•	Date start (yyyy): year the drought reference starts
•	Season start: season the drought reference starts (Table A1.1)
•	Date end (dd): day the drought reference ends
•	Date end (mm): month the drought reference ends
•	Date end (yyyy):  year the drought reference ends
•	Season end: season the drought reference ends (Table A1.1)
Spatial information
In addition to the country and location, the spatial location and extent of the impact, etc. referred to within the reference is recorded using the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) (Eurostat, 2015). These are standard hierarchical subdivisions of member states of the European Union. There are three classes of NUTS. NUTS1 are major socio-economic regions, whilst NUTS2 and NUTS 3 are smaller areas within each NUTS1. There are 12 NUTS1 in the UK. The NUTS1-3 fields were populated with the corresponding code (Table A2.1). The country is recorded as the only location information for instances where there is no more specific spatial information. Where possible the specific location is also recorded.
•	Country: The Country relating to the drought reference (i.e. England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Great Britain or United Kingdom)
•	NUTS1: NUTS1 region
•	NUTS2: NUTS2 region
•	NUTS3: NUTS3 region
•	Location: Name of the geographic feature (e.g. river name, town, county) specifically mentioned in the reference.
Other fields
•	DPSIR: DPSIR framework elements (Lange et al., 2017) describing the nature of the drought reference. The DPSIR element is specified using the code in table A1.2.
•	Sector: Economic sector referred to in the corresponding article.
•	Water Company: Any specific water authority or water company mentioned within the reference.
•	Water Company 2018: The referenced water company as of 2018.
•	WR Typology: Categorisation based on the type of water resources drought (e.g. supply or demand) the entry refers to (see Table 2 for typology categories). 
•	WR Typology sub-category: Sub-categorisation of the information based on the type of impact or response the entry refers to (see Table 2 for typology categories).

Related resources
Anglian Water (2014) Drought Plan 2014. Publication https://www.anglianwater.co.uk/_assets/media/2014_Drought_Plan.pdf
British Hydrological Society. BHS Chronology of British Hydrological Events. Website http://www.cbhe.hydrology.org.uk/index.php
Defra (2011) Number of drought orders: 1976 to 2011. Dataset https://data.gov.uk/dataset/e86d7bf2-d459-4412-845e-1f336e294dcf/number-of-drought-orders-1976-to-2011 
Durant, M. (2015) Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015. Publication http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511707/
Dwr Cymru Welsh Water (2015) Drought Plan 2015. Publication https://www.dwrcymru.com/-/media/Files/Environment/2015/DCWW-Drought-Plan-July-2015-FINAL.pdf?la=en&hash=3D7A0EE1209F5D63FACC4480C18683B2BFBC08C1 
Environment Agency (2006) The impact of climate change on severe droughts - Major droughts in England and Wales from 1800 and evidence of impact. Report https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/290832/scho1206blsm-e-e.pdf
Environment Agency (2012) Head Office Drought Plan. Environment Agency: Bristol. Publication https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/297211/geho0112bway-e-e.pdf 
Essex and Suffolk Water (2017) Draft Drought Plan 2018. Publication https://www.eswater.co.uk/_assets/documents/ESW_Final_Published_Drought_Plan_2018.pdf 
Hansard. Website https://hansard.parliament.uk/ 
Marsh, T., Parry, S., Kendon, M. & Hannaford, J. (2013) The 2010-12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: A remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Publication https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/503643/1/N503643CR.pdf
Marsh, T.J., Monkhouse, R.A., Arnell, N.W., Lees, M.L. & Reynard, N.S. (1994) The 1988-92 Drought. Institute of Hydrology: Wallingford, UK. Publication http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/6952
Millar K. & Yates, D. (2006) Climate change and water resources: A primer for municipal water providers. Publication https://www.niph.go.jp/soshiki/suido/pdf/h19JPUS/abstract/r11.pdf
Pearce, F. (1982) Watershed. The water crisis in Britain. Junction Books, London. Book
The Gazette. Website https://www.thegazette.co.uk/
Shadwell, A (1899) The London Water Supply. Book
South Staffs Water (2017) South Staffs Water - Cambridge Region Draft Drought Management Plan Revised November 2017. Publication https://www.south-staffs-water.co.uk/media/2067/sst-draft-drought-management-plan-2017-final-edit-iv2.pdf
Southern Water Authority (1979) The Candover Pilot Scheme. Southern Water Authority. Publication http://www.hwa.uk.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Candover-Pilot-Scheme-Final-Report-1979.pdf
Taylor, V. & Trentmann, F. (2008) Hosepipes, history and a sustainable future. Publication http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/hosepipes-history-and-a-sustainable-future
Taylor, V., Chappells, H., Medd, W. & Trentmann, F. (2009) Drought is normal: the socio-technical evolution of drought and water demand in England and Wales, 1893-2006, Journal of Historical Geography, 35, 568-591. Publication https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2008.09.004
The Telegraph (2018) Heatwaves and droughts in Britain over the years in pictures. Website https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/8555125/Heatwaves-and-droughts-in-Britain-over-the-years-in-pictures.html?image=8  
United Utilities (2018) Final Drought Plan. Publication https://www.unitedutilities.com/globalassets/z_corporate-site/about-us-pdfs/water-resources/2018-drought-plan-final.pdf
Yorkshire Water (2017) Revised Draft Drought Plan 2018. Publication https://www.yorkshirewater.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Draft%20Drought%20Plan%202018%20%28revised%20draft%29.pdf 

Annex 1
Table A1.1 – Seasons classification used in Historic Drought Inventory
Season	Months	
Spring	March, April, May	
Summer	June, July, August	
Autumn	September, October, November	
Winter	December, January, February	

Table A1.2 – Key terms in the DPSIR framework (for more information see Lange et al., 2017)
Code	Description	
D	driver	
P	pressure	
S	state	
I	impact	
R	response	

Annex 2
Table A2.1 - UK NUTS1-3 regions.
NUTS1	NUTS2	NUTS3	
UKC	North East England	UKC1	Tees Valley & Durham	UKC11	Hartlepool & Stockton-on-Tees	
				UKC12	South Teeside (Middlesborough, Redcar & Celveland)	
				UKC13	Darlington	
				UKC14	Durham	
		UKC2	Northumberland & Tyne and Wear	UKC21	Northumberland	
				UKC22	Tyneside (Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside & North Tyneside)	
				UKC23	Sunderland	
UKD	North West England	UKD1	Cumbria	UKD11	West Cumbria (Allerdale, Barrow-in-Furness & Copeland)	
				UKD12	East Cumbria (Carlisle, Eden & South Lakeland)	
		UKD2	Cheshire	UKD21	Warrington	
				UKD22	Cheshire East	
				UKD23	Cheshire West & Chester	
		UKD3	Greater Manchester	UKD31	Greater Manchester South (Manchester, Salford, Stockport, Tameside & Trafford)	
				UKD32	Greater Manchester North (Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale & Wigan)	
		UKD4	Lancashire	UKD41	Blackburn with Darwen	
				UKD42	Blackpool	
				UKD43	Lancashire CC	
		UKD5	Merseyside	UKD51	East Merseyside (Knowsley, St Helens & Halton)	
				UKD52	Liverpool	
				UKD53	Sefton	
				UKD54	Wirral	
UKE	Yorkshire & The Humber	UKE1	East Riding & North Lincolnshire	UKE11	Kingston upon Hull	
				UKE12	East Riding of Yorkshire	
				UKE13	North & East Lincolnshire	
		UKE2	North Yorkshire	UKE21	York	
				UKE22	North Yorkshire CC	
		UKE3	South Yorkshire	UKE31	Barnsley, Doncaster & Rotheram	
				UKE32	Sheffield	
		UKE4	West Yorkshire	UKE41	Bradford	
				UKE42	Leeds	
				UKE44	Calderdale & Kirklees	
				UKE45	Wakefield	
UKF	East Midlands	UKF1	Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire	UKF11	Derby	
				UKF12	East Derbyshire (Bolsover, Chesterfield & North East Derbyshire)	
				UKF13	South & West Derbyshire (Amber Valley, Derbyshire Dales, Erewash, High Peak & South Derbyshire)	
				UKF14	Nottingham	
				UKF15	North Nottinghamshire (Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Mansfield, Newark & Sherwood)	
				UKF16	South Nottinghamshire (Broxtowe, Gelding & Rushcliffe)	
		UKF2	Leicestershire, Rutland & Northamptonshire	UKF21	Leicester	
				UKF22	Leicestershire CC & Rutland	
				UKF24	West Northamptonshire (Northampton, Daventry & South Northamptonshire)	
				UKF25	North Northamptonshire (East Northamptonshire, Corby, Wellingborough & Kettering)	
		UKF3	Lincolnshire	UKF0	Lincolnshire CC	
UKG	West Midlands	UKG1	Herefordshire, Worcestershire & Warwickshire	UKG11	Herefordshire	
				UKG12	Worcestershire CC	
				UKG13	Warwickshire CC	
		UKG2	Shropshire & Staffordshire	UKG21	Telford & Wrekin	
				UKG22	Shropshire CC	
				UKG23	Stoke-on-Trent	
				UKG24	Stafforshire CC	
		UKG3	West Midlands	UKG31	Birmingham	
				UKG32	Solihull	
				UKG33	Coventry	
				UKG36	Dudley	
				UKG37	Sandwell	
				UKG38	Walsall	
				UKG39	Wolverhampton	
UKH	East of England	UKH1	East Anglia	UKH11	Peterborough	
				UKH12	Cambridgeshire CC	
				UKH13	Norfolk	
				UKH14	Suffolk	
		UKH2	Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire	UKH21	Luton	
				UKH23	Hertfordshire CC	
				UKH24	Bedford	
				UKH25	Bedfordshire CC	
		UKH3	Essex	UKH31	Southend-on-Sea	
				UKH32	Thurrock	
				UKH33	Essex CC	
UKI	London	UKI1	Inner London	UKI11	West Inner London (City of London, Camden, Fulham, Kensington, Wandsworth & Westminster)	
				UKI12	East Inner London (Hackney, Haringey, Islington, Lambeth, Lewisham, Newham, Southwark & Tower Hamlets)	
		UKI2	Outer London	UKI21	East & North East Outer London (Barking & Dagenham, Bexley, Enfield, Greenwich, Havering, Redbridge & Waltham Forest)	
				UKI22	South Outer London (Bromley, Croydon, Kingston upon  Thames, Merton & Sutton)	
				UKI23	West and North West Outer London (Barnet, Brent, Ealing, Harrow, Hillingdon, Hounslow & Richmond upon Thames)	
UKJ	South East	UKJ1	Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Oxfordshire	UKJ11	Berkshire	
				UKJ12	Milton Keynes	
				UKJ13	Buckinghamshire CC	
				UKJ14	Oxfordshire	
		UKJ2	Surry, East & West Sussex	UKJ21	Brighton & Hove	
				UKJ22	East Sussex CC	
				UKJ23	Surrey	
				UKJ24	West Sussex CC	
		UKJ3	Hampshire & Isle of Wight	UKJ31	Portsmouth	
				UKJ32	Southampton	
				UKJ33	Hampshire CC	
				UKJ34	Isle of Wight	
		UKJ4	Kent	UKJ41	Medway	
				UKJ42	Kent CC	
UKK	South West 	UKK1	Gloucestershire, Wiltshire & Bristol/Bath area	UKK11	Bristol	
				UKK12	Bath & North East Somerset, North Somerset & South Gloucestershire	
				UKK13	Gloucestershire CC	
				UKK14	Swindon	
				UKK15	Wiltshire	
		UKK2	Dorset & Somerset	UKK21	Bornemouth & Poole	
				UKK22	Dorset CC	
				UKK23	Somerset	
		UKK3	Cornwall & Isles of Scilly	UKK30	Cornwall & Isles of Scilly	
		UKK4	Devon	UKK41	Plymouth	
				UKK42	Torbay	
				UKK43	Devon CC	
UKL
	Wales	UKL1	West Wales & The Valleys	UKL11	Isle of Anglesey	
				UKL12	Gwynedd	
				UKL13	Conwy & Denbighshire	
				UKL14	South West Wales (Ceridigion, Camarthenshire & Pembrokeshire)	
				UKL15	Central Valleys (Methyr Tydfil & Rhondda Cynon Taf)	
				UKL16	Gwent Valleys (Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly & Tofaen)	
				UKL17	Bridgend & Neath Port Talbot	
				UKL18	Swansea	
		UKL2	East Wales	UKL21	Monmouthshire & Newport	
				UKL22	Cardiff & Vale of Glamorgan	
				UKL23	Flintshire & Wrexham	
				UKL24	Powys	
UKM	Scotland	UKM2	Eastern Scotland	UKM21	Angus & Dundee	
				UKM22	Clackmannanshire & Fife	
				UKM23	East Lothian & Midlothian	
				UKM24	Scottish Boarders	
				UKM25	Edinburgh	
				UKM26	Falklirk	
				UKM27	Perth and Kinross & Stirling	
				UKM28	West Lothian	
		UKM3	South Western Scotland	UKM31	East Dumbartonshire, West Dumbartonshire, Helensburgh & Lomond	
				UKM32	Dumfries & Galloway	
				UKM33	East & North Aryshire mainland	
				UKM34	Glasgow	
				UKM35	Inverclyde, East Renfrewshire & Renfrewshire	
				UKM36	North Lanarkshire	
				UKM37	South Ayrshire	
				UKM38	South Lanarkshire	
		UKM5	North Eastern Scotland	UKM50	Aberdeen & Aberdeenshire	
		UKM6	Highlands & Islands	UKM61	Caithness & Sutherland, Ross & Cromarty	
				UKM62	Inverness, Narin Moray, Badenoch & Strathspey	
				UKM63	Lochaber, Skye & Lochalsh, Arran & Cumbrae, Argyll & Bute (except Helensburgh & Lomond)	
				UKM64	Eilean Siar (Western Isles)	
				UKM65	Orkney Islands	
				UKM66	Shetland Islands	
UKN	Northern Ireland	UKN0	Northern Ireland	UKN01	Belfast	
				UKN02	Outer Belfast (Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Lisburn, Newtownabbey & North Down)	
				UKN03	East of Northern Ireland (Antrim, Ards, Ballymena, Banbridge, Craigavon, Down, Larne)	
				UKN04	North of Northern Ireland (Ballymoney, Coleraine, Derry, Limavady, Moyle & Strabane)	
				UKN05	West & South of Northern Ireland (Armargh, Cookstown, Dungannon, Fermanagh, Magherafelt, Newry & Mourne, Omagh)	

Figure A2.1 - NUTS1 of the UK (after eurostat, 2015)

References
Barker, L.: 2016. Compiling drought impact reports for the UK. Wallingford, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, 35pp. (Driver Technical Report) (Unpublished)
British Hydrological Society. BHS Chronology of British Hydrological Events. Available at: http://www.cbhe.hydrology.org.uk/index.php Access: 18-01-2019
Black, A.R. and Law, F.M.: 2004. Development and utilization of a national web-based chronology of hydrological events. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 49, 237-246. 
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2011. Number of drought orders: 1976 to 2011. Available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/e86d7bf2-d459-4412-845e-1f336e294dcf/number-of-drought-orders-1976-to-2011 Access: 20-05-2015
Durant, M.: 2015. Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015. British Geological Survey Internal Report, OR/15/007. 52pp.
Eurostat. 2015. NUTS 2010 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco/geodata/reference-data/administrative-units-statistical-units/nuts#nuts13 Access: 11-11-2014
Lange, B., Holman, I., Bloomfield, J.P.: 2017. A framework for a joint hydro-meteorological-social analysis of drought. Science of the Total Environment, 758, 297-306, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.145.
Marsh, T., Cole, G. and Wilby, R.: 2007. Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800-2006. Weather, 62, 87-93.